A BEACON for Evolution

February 25th, 2010

The University of Idaho recently received some good news for its Initiative for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST) group. Thanks to their hard work, dedication and devotion to outstanding real-time evolution research, they’ve been included in a giant, $25 million National Science Foundation grant to establish a research center.

The new center is called, “BEACON, a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center for the Study of Evolution in Action.” The new center is physically located on the campus of Michigan State University, but the funds will support research being conducted at five different universities.

So what is real-time evolution, you ask?

Well, it’s certainly not the million-year-long process of species changing over time, nor is it the theory that humans and apes are descended from a common ancestor. Real-time biology is physically witnessed by scientists on a daily basis - mainly from organisms whose lifespan is short enough to spawn thousands of generations in a matter of months.

Bacteria evolve resistance to medicines. Our bodies develop defenses against viruses, which in turn mutate to bypass the immune system. Chipmunks divided by a river become different species. These are just a few of the projects already in progress at the University of Idaho, each of which will be supported by the new center.

To learn more, read the press release from the NSF or MSU.

Or even check out MSU’s podcast. Major props for this production!

“Ewe”-Idaho - State of the “Ewe”nion - Insert Pun Here

February 24th, 2010
Bighorn Sheep

Bighorn Sheep

Unless you’ve been living under a bridge in northern and western Idaho for the past five years, chances are you know there has been some contention between wild bighorn sheep and domesticated sheep used for farming purposes. The story goes that bighorn sheep have been steadily declining, and one reason for the population decrease is sudden, massive illnesses that spread like wildfire, decimating their numbers.

Now one might not see the correlation between these plagues and domesticated sheep grazing in their same lands. However, many scientists believe that domesticated sheep carry this and other diseases that, while not harmful to them, are deadly to the bighorn variety.

Remember when Columbus came to the New World and brought a host of sicknesses with him? Same idea.

Some scientists, though, dispute these claims and claim that there is no evidence to support them. They don’t think there is any problem sharing grazing lands and the bighorn sheep’s natural habitat.

This debate came to a head in 2005 when the Payette National Forest Supervisors Office issued a land management plan detailing where domestic sheep could and could not graze. It was challenged up to the highest Washington D.C. officials as well as through the court system.

Now, the office is preparing to draft an amendment to the plan, redefining the grazing allotments and protected areas.

This is where the University of Idaho steps in. The Policy Analysis Group recently released a report that details the current situation in Idaho. It doesn’t advocate any solutions or give and ideas, it merely states exactly what the heck is going on right now.

So if you’re interested in becoming an expert on the issue, now is your chance!

Going Nuclear From Nigeria to Idaho to Oxford

February 18th, 2010

A story running today on the front screen of the Post Register - Idaho Falls’ newspaper - features one of the University of Idaho’s brightest students. Not only is Olumuyiwa Omotowa working to make Idaho a better place, he’s working to make the entire world a better place.

He’s doing this by researching new technologies for nuclear reactors at the Center for Advanced Energy Studies located down in Idaho Falls. Thanks to a strong collaboration with Idaho State University, Boise State University and the Idaho National Laboratory, Omotowa has access to the best resources in the nation with which to conduct his research. Currently, he is studying thermal hydraulic models for nuclear reactors.

And with President Obama recently announcing the funding support for the first new nuclear reactor on American soil in three decades, you know that research into making the technology cleaner, safer and more efficient is going to be a high priority in the coming years.

But Idaho Falls got to the story late; they’re not the only ones who took notice of Omotowa. He was selected recently to attend the prestigious Nuclear University Summer Institute at Oxford University, which is a six-week summer program that accepts only a handful of students from around the world, and only a couple each year from the United States.

Obviously, this is a huge honor for Omotowa. Now he only needs to find about $20,000 to attend. With the University of Idaho scrambling to find support and $7,000 already pledged by his home country of Nigeria, you can be a little thing like money won’t slow him down.

King Tut Had Bad Genes

February 17th, 2010

So it’s been a little slow in the realm of science news here at the University of Idaho over the past few days, so I apologize for my negligence in keeping fresh content posted. But I’m sure you’d prefer less content that is quality over a bunch of junk, am I right?

Anyways, to pass the time I thought I’d share a really cool story I just read about how modern genetics have revealed some of the mysteries surrounding one of Egypt’s most famous pharaohs, King Tut.

According to the article, King Tut was an inbred teenager grossly afflicted by many sicknesses and genetic diseases. He had a cleft palate as well as a degenerative bone disease in his left foot known as Kohler’s disease causing a club foot and a ton of pain.

What’s more, he wasn’t murdered. At least, he wasn’t bashed over the head as previous investigators believed due to a big hole in the top of his head. Apparently researchers were able to actually identify the DNA of the disease malaria from his bones that are more than 3,300 years old.

Maybe I’m just a nerd, but I think that is simply incredible.

Sleep Deprivation and Your Brain

February 10th, 2010

Today I don’t have anything of note to share from the University of Idaho, so I thought I’d take the opportunity share a bit of research recently announced by our friends eight miles away across the state border.

Researchers at Washington State University recently published a paper in the journal, “SLEEP,” that outlines their findings related to making important, high-level business decisions when deprived of sleep. Former studies concluded that such circumstances greatly inhibited one’s ability to make executive-type decisions.

But Hans Van Dongen thought those studies were flawed.

He reasoned that the studies made it impossible to distinguish between one’s ability to make decisions and one’s ability to take in the information required to make those decisions. So he fashioned an experiment that somehow managed to separate the two. (I’m not sure exactly how he did that, but if you really want to know, I’m sure it’s in the published paper.)

The results showed that people were quite adept at making executive decisions, even after 51 hours of sleep deprivation. (They must have made them live on College Hill!) However, their ability to intake information required to make those important decisions was greatly impaired.

So I guess if you’re going to stay up for a long time, make sure you know all you need to know before you do it.

Rising Seas + Hurricanes = Wet Population

February 9th, 2010
Sarasota is on Floridas Gulf Coast and highly susceptible to future rising waters and hurricanes.

Sarasota is on Florida's Gulf Coast and highly susceptible to future rising waters and hurricanes.

I came across an interesting article today that demonstrates how researchers at the University of Idaho are making a difference across the country.

An article from the Herald Tribune out of Sarasota, Florida quotes Tim Frazier, assistant professor of geography and bio-regional planning, who recently spoke at the Mote Marine Laboratory about the potential dangers of climate change. According to Frazier, if the ocean were to rise four feet in the next century, a Category 4 or 5 hurricane during high-tide could soak more than 70 percent of the local population.

His study, conducted in partnership with Penn State University and the United States Geological Survey, pinpoints areas of particular danger to future catastrophes, so that city planners can build future infrastructure out of the way.

Sure, there may be a lot of “ifs” in the equation, but it never hurts to be prepared.

Getting the Most Out Of Your Forest

February 5th, 2010

Earlier in the week, the University of Idaho put out a press release

See all of that green? That's prime natural research area, my friend.

See all of that green? That's prime natural research area, my friend.

stating it had received a $400,000 grant from the National Science Foundation in order to join the Center for Advanced Forestry Systems (CAFS).

CAFS is a cooperation between the NSF, several universities across the country and members of the forestry industry. It’s purpose is to share knowledge and work together in order to optimize the production of high-quality raw materials from forests. In short, they try to fend off invasive species, create new strains of plants and analyze the best way to utilize a forest’s resources.

To me, this seems like an obvious move, and I’m shocked that Idaho was not already a part of this group. I mean 37 percent of the state of Idaho is covered by forests, which means it has nearly 31,000 square miles - or nearly 20 million acres - of prime research areas to utilize.

Idaho is a state rich with diverse public lands and it is crucial the university use this natural advantage moving forward with new research programs and developments.

AOL Goes Geek

February 4th, 2010
The 2006 Porsche 911 increases a man's testosterone levels. Image from www.cars.com.

The 2006 Porsche 911 increases a man's testosterone levels. Image from www.cars.com.

While perusing the headlines on AOL this morning - something which I am a bit ashamed to say I do on a regular basis - I noticed an interesting trend. On a “news” site that habitually features mostly irrelevant, celebrity gossip and poorly commented political features, there were actually three science stories!

Ladies and Gents, AOL has gone geek!

The first post was the most interesting. It was a commentary from an AOL Autos Correspondent named Diego Rodriguez on a recent research report from Gad Saad and John Vongas of Concordia University. The duo decided to see if merely owning a chic car affected a man’s biology as well as if showing it off in front of people made a difference.

According to the study, merely driving a sporty car (a 2006 Porsche 911 Carrera 4S Cabriolet) boosts a man’s testosterone levels. More surprisingly, driving on a deserted highway rose them more than showing off in front of crowded city streets. The research goes to show that there is something hardwired in humans related to owning the biggest, baddest something and it isn’t all just pop culture and advertising.

Or as Mr. Rodriguez puts it, “By driving a Porsche they become more potent competitors in the game of life, presumably upping their ability to continue to do whatever they were doing to enable them to procure a Porsche in the first place. One might argue that, rather than costing more because marketers tell us they’re worth it, Porsches are expensive because our genes value them so highly.”

The second piece relates to new genetically modified tomatoes in India that possess a longer shelf life by a month. Critics argue whether or not the nutrition level stays the same in that same time period, and others debate whether or not genetically modified produce will ever become widely accepted in America.

The final story tells of a research project that has located an “obsessive-compulsive gene” in canines. For a decade, the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University collected blood samples from Dobermans that exhibited compulsive behavior, like blanket-sucking, as well as from unaffected, healthy Dobermans.

After doing the blood work, researchers found that those blanket-sucking fiends were more likely to to express a CDH2 gene. And because the same gene appears in the human genome, the next step in the research is to find whether or not this gene might also cause similar psychological diseases in humans.

Disappearing Ducks

February 3rd, 2010
The Prairie Pothole region is a complex system of rivers, wetlands, marshes and lakes. Image from the United States Global Research Program.

The Prairie Pothole region is a complex system of rivers, wetlands, marshes and lakes. Image from the United States Global Research Program.

Texans who like to hunt should take note of this new bit of research. If  John Tracy and the team’s predictions come true, the state may run low on ducks to aim at.

According to a recent study, climate change will have some major impacts on the Prairie Potholes region of North America, which extends from Iowa and Minnesota through the Dakotas and up into Canada.

The region is a complex series of rivers, wetlands and lakes that are all connected through both groundwater and surface water flows. But though they all run together, climate change is predicted to have a very different affect on the different levels of moisture found throughout the system.

One type of wetland that will be most affected includes the habitats of many different varieties of waterfowl. And if the models hold up, a 4-degree Celsius increase - which is what is being predicted - would shorten the amount of time water is available for ducks to raise their young.

Map of the North America Pothole Region in the United States. Image from Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center.

Map of the North America Pothole Region in the United States. Image from Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center.

For example, mallards require at least 80 to 110 days of surface water to raise their young to a point where they can fly off to greener - or wetter - pastures. But according to the team’s predictions, the region will not be able to support that long of a life cycle within the next century.

The new research comes after a 15  year study between the University of Idaho, South Dakota State University and the United States Geological Survey.

Idaho’s State in the Union

January 29th, 2010

“Next, we need to encourage American innovation. Last year, we made the largest investment in basic research funding in history - an investment that could lead to the world’s cheapest solar cells or treatment that kills cancer cells but leaves healthy ones untouched. And no area is more ripe for such innovation than energy…

But to create more of these clean energy jobs, we need more production, more efficiency, more incentives. And that means building a new generation of safe, clean nuclear power plants in this country. It means making tough decisions about opening new offshore areas for oil and gas development. It means continued investment in advanced biofuels and clean coal technologies. And, yes, it means passing a comprehensive energy and climate bill with incentives that will finally make clean energy the profitable kind of energy in America…

I know there have been questions about whether we can afford such changes in a tough economy. I know that there are those who disagree with the overwhelming scientific evidence on climate change. But here’s the thing — even if you doubt the evidence, providing incentives for energy-efficiency and clean energy are the right thing to do for our future — because the nation that leads the clean energy economy will be the nation that leads the global economy. And America must be that nation.”

Photo by Doug Mills of the New York Times

These words were spoken by President Obama two nights ago during his State of the Union address. I found it a major step forward for American politics after eight years of neglecting scientific advancement. Thanks to the expansion of the budgets of the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy, many schools are making substantial progress in these areas.

The University of Idaho is no different.

Follow these links to learn about what Idaho is already doing to attack the problems the President mentioned in his speech.